This article is a part of a series on io_uring
- Series introduction
- Part 1: Introduction to
io_uring. In this article we createcat_uringbased on the rawio_uringinterface andcat_liburing, built on the higher levelliburing. - Part 2: Queuing multiple operations: We develop a file copying program,
cp_liburingleveraging multiple requests withio_uring. - Part 3: This article
We discussed in part 1 that because select(), poll() and epoll report operations on local / regular files as always being in a ready state, libraries like libuv (this one powers NodeJS) use a separate thread pool at deal with file I/O. One huge advantage with io_uring is that it presents a single, clean uniform and above all, working interface for many types of I/O.
In this example, we’ll look at an additional operation, accept() and how to do it using io_uring. Throw in operations for readv() and writev(), you have the capability to write a simple web server! This web server is based on code I wrote for ZeroHTTPd, a program that features in an article series I wrote to explore various Linux process models and how they perform compared to each other. I’ve rewritten ZeroHTTPd to use the io_uring interface exclusively.
Here is the index page served via ZeroHTTPd:
Let’s jump into the code now.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <liburing.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define SERVER_STRING "Server: zerohttpd/0.1\r\n"
#define DEFAULT_SERVER_PORT 8000
#define QUEUE_DEPTH 256
#define READ_SZ 8192
#define EVENT_TYPE_ACCEPT 0
#define EVENT_TYPE_READ 1
#define EVENT_TYPE_WRITE 2
struct request {
int event_type;
int iovec_count;
int client_socket;
struct iovec iov[];
};
struct io_uring ring;
const char *unimplemented_content = \
"HTTP/1.0 400 Bad Request\r\n"
"Content-type: text/html\r\n"
"\r\n"
"<html>"
"<head>"
"<title>ZeroHTTPd: Unimplemented</title>"
"</head>"
"<body>"
"<h1>Bad Request (Unimplemented)</h1>"
"<p>Your client sent a request ZeroHTTPd did not understand and it is probably not your fault.</p>"
"</body>"
"</html>";
const char *http_404_content = \
"HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found\r\n"
"Content-type: text/html\r\n"
"\r\n"
"<html>"
"<head>"
"<title>ZeroHTTPd: Not Found</title>"
"</head>"
"<body>"
"<h1>Not Found (404)</h1>"
"<p>Your client is asking for an object that was not found on this server.</p>"
"</body>"
"</html>";
/*
* Utility function to convert a string to lower case.
* */
void strtolower(char *str) {
for (; *str; ++str)
*str = (char)tolower(*str);
}
/*
One function that prints the system call and the error details
and then exits with error code 1. Non-zero meaning things didn't go well.
*/
void fatal_error(const char *syscall) {
perror(syscall);
exit(1);
}
/*
* Helper function for cleaner looking code.
* */
void *zh_malloc(size_t size) {
void *buf = malloc(size);
if (!buf) {
fprintf(stderr, "Fatal error: unable to allocate memory.\n");
exit(1);
}
return buf;
}
/*
* This function is responsible for setting up the main listening socket used by the
* web server.
* */
int setup_listening_socket(int port) {
int sock;
struct sockaddr_in srv_addr;
sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock == -1)
fatal_error("socket()");
int enable = 1;
if (setsockopt(sock,
SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
&enable, sizeof(int)) < 0)
fatal_error("setsockopt(SO_REUSEADDR)");
memset(&srv_addr, 0, sizeof(srv_addr));
srv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
srv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
srv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
/* We bind to a port and turn this socket into a listening
* socket.
* */
if (bind(sock,
(const struct sockaddr *)&srv_addr,
sizeof(srv_addr)) < 0)
fatal_error("bind()");
if (listen(sock, 10) < 0)
fatal_error("listen()");
return (sock);
}
int add_accept_request(int server_socket, struct sockaddr_in *client_addr,
socklen_t *client_addr_len) {
struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
io_uring_prep_accept(sqe, server_socket, (struct sockaddr *) client_addr,
client_addr_len, 0);
struct request *req = malloc(sizeof(*req));
req->event_type = EVENT_TYPE_ACCEPT;
io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, req);
io_uring_submit(&ring);
return 0;
}
int add_read_request(int client_socket) {
struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
struct request *req = malloc(sizeof(*req) + sizeof(struct iovec));
req->iov[0].iov_base = malloc(READ_SZ);
req->iov[0].iov_len = READ_SZ;
req->event_type = EVENT_TYPE_READ;
req->client_socket = client_socket;
memset(req->iov[0].iov_base, 0, READ_SZ);
/* Linux kernel 5.5 has support for readv, but not for recv() or read() */
io_uring_prep_readv(sqe, client_socket, &req->iov[0], 1, 0);
io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, req);
io_uring_submit(&ring);
return 0;
}
int add_write_request(struct request *req) {
struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
req->event_type = EVENT_TYPE_WRITE;
io_uring_prep_writev(sqe, req->client_socket, req->iov, req->iovec_count, 0);
io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, req);
io_uring_submit(&ring);
return 0;
}
void _send_static_string_content(const char *str, int client_socket) {
struct request *req = zh_malloc(sizeof(*req) + sizeof(struct iovec));
unsigned long slen = strlen(str);
req->iovec_count = 1;
req->client_socket = client_socket;
req->iov[0].iov_base = zh_malloc(slen);
req->iov[0].iov_len = slen;
memcpy(req->iov[0].iov_base, str, slen);
add_write_request(req);
}
/*
* When ZeroHTTPd encounters any other HTTP method other than GET or POST, this function
* is used to inform the client.
* */
void handle_unimplemented_method(int client_socket) {
_send_static_string_content(unimplemented_content, client_socket);
}
/*
* This function is used to send a "HTTP Not Found" code and message to the client in
* case the file requested is not found.
* */
void handle_http_404(int client_socket) {
_send_static_string_content(http_404_content, client_socket);
}
/*
* Once a static file is identified to be served, this function is used to read the file
* and write it over the client socket using Linux's sendfile() system call. This saves us
* the hassle of transferring file buffers from kernel to user space and back.
* */
void copy_file_contents(char *file_path, off_t file_size, struct iovec *iov) {
int fd;
char *buf = zh_malloc(file_size);
fd = open(file_path, O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0)
fatal_error("read");
/* We should really check for short reads here */
int ret = read(fd, buf, file_size);
if (ret < file_size) {
fprintf(stderr, "Encountered a short read.\n");
}
close(fd);
iov->iov_base = buf;
iov->iov_len = file_size;
}
/*
* Simple function to get the file extension of the file that we are about to serve.
* */
const char *get_filename_ext(const char *filename) {
const char *dot = strrchr(filename, '.');
if (!dot || dot == filename)
return "";
return dot + 1;
}
/*
* Sends the HTTP 200 OK header, the server string, for a few types of files, it can also
* send the content type based on the file extension. It also sends the content length
* header. Finally it send a '\r\n' in a line by itself signalling the end of headers
* and the beginning of any content.
* */
void send_headers(const char *path, off_t len, struct iovec *iov) {
char small_case_path[1024];
char send_buffer[1024];
strcpy(small_case_path, path);
strtolower(small_case_path);
char *str = "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n";
unsigned long slen = strlen(str);
iov[0].iov_base = zh_malloc(slen);
iov[0].iov_len = slen;
memcpy(iov[0].iov_base, str, slen);
slen = strlen(SERVER_STRING);
iov[1].iov_base = zh_malloc(slen);
iov[1].iov_len = slen;
memcpy(iov[1].iov_base, SERVER_STRING, slen);
/*
* Check the file extension for certain common types of files
* on web pages and send the appropriate content-type header.
* Since extensions can be mixed case like JPG, jpg or Jpg,
* we turn the extension into lower case before checking.
* */
const char *file_ext = get_filename_ext(small_case_path);
if (strcmp("jpg", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n");
if (strcmp("jpeg", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n");
if (strcmp("png", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: image/png\r\n");
if (strcmp("gif", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: image/gif\r\n");
if (strcmp("htm", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
if (strcmp("html", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
if (strcmp("js", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: application/javascript\r\n");
if (strcmp("css", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: text/css\r\n");
if (strcmp("txt", file_ext) == 0)
strcpy(send_buffer, "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n");
slen = strlen(send_buffer);
iov[2].iov_base = zh_malloc(slen);
iov[2].iov_len = slen;
memcpy(iov[2].iov_base, send_buffer, slen);
/* Send the content-length header, which is the file size in this case. */
sprintf(send_buffer, "content-length: %ld\r\n", len);
slen = strlen(send_buffer);
iov[3].iov_base = zh_malloc(slen);
iov[3].iov_len = slen;
memcpy(iov[3].iov_base, send_buffer, slen);
/*
* When the browser sees a '\r\n' sequence in a line on its own,
* it understands there are no more headers. Content may follow.
* */
strcpy(send_buffer, "\r\n");
slen = strlen(send_buffer);
iov[4].iov_base = zh_malloc(slen);
iov[4].iov_len = slen;
memcpy(iov[4].iov_base, send_buffer, slen);
}
void handle_get_method(char *path, int client_socket) {
char final_path[1024];
/*
If a path ends in a trailing slash, the client probably wants the index
file inside of that directory.
*/
if (path[strlen(path) - 1] == '/') {
strcpy(final_path, "public");
strcat(final_path, path);
strcat(final_path, "index.html");
}
else {
strcpy(final_path, "public");
strcat(final_path, path);
}
/* The stat() system call will give you information about the file
* like type (regular file, directory, etc), size, etc. */
struct stat path_stat;
if (stat(final_path, &path_stat) == -1) {
printf("404 Not Found: %s (%s)\n", final_path, path);
handle_http_404(client_socket);
}
else {
/* Check if this is a normal/regular file and not a directory or something else */
if (S_ISREG(path_stat.st_mode)) {
struct request *req = zh_malloc(sizeof(*req) + (sizeof(struct iovec) * 6));
req->iovec_count = 6;
req->client_socket = client_socket;
send_headers(final_path, path_stat.st_size, req->iov);
copy_file_contents(final_path, path_stat.st_size, &req->iov[5]);
printf("200 %s %ld bytes\n", final_path, path_stat.st_size);
add_write_request( req);
}
else {
handle_http_404(client_socket);
printf("404 Not Found: %s\n", final_path);
}
}
}
/*
* This function looks at method used and calls the appropriate handler function.
* Since we only implement GET and POST methods, it calls handle_unimplemented_method()
* in case both these don't match. This sends an error to the client.
* */
void handle_http_method(char *method_buffer, int client_socket) {
char *method, *path, *saveptr;
method = strtok_r(method_buffer, " ", &saveptr);
strtolower(method);
path = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &saveptr);
if (strcmp(method, "get") == 0) {
handle_get_method(path, client_socket);
}
else {
handle_unimplemented_method(client_socket);
}
}
int get_line(const char *src, char *dest, int dest_sz) {
for (int i = 0; i < dest_sz; i++) {
dest[i] = src[i];
if (src[i] == '\r' && src[i+1] == '\n') {
dest[i] = '\0';
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
int handle_client_request(struct request *req) {
char http_request[1024];
/* Get the first line, which will be the request */
if(get_line(req->iov[0].iov_base, http_request, sizeof(http_request))) {
fprintf(stderr, "Malformed request\n");
exit(1);
}
handle_http_method(http_request, req->client_socket);
return 0;
}
void server_loop(int server_socket) {
struct io_uring_cqe *cqe;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
socklen_t client_addr_len = sizeof(client_addr);
add_accept_request(server_socket, &client_addr, &client_addr_len);
while (1) {
int ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(&ring, &cqe);
struct request *req = (struct request *) cqe->user_data;
if (ret < 0)
fatal_error("io_uring_wait_cqe");
if (cqe->res < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Async request failed: %s for event: %d\n",
strerror(-cqe->res), req->event_type);
exit(1);
}
switch (req->event_type) {
case EVENT_TYPE_ACCEPT:
add_accept_request(server_socket, &client_addr, &client_addr_len);
add_read_request(cqe->res);
free(req);
break;
case EVENT_TYPE_READ:
if (!cqe->res) {
fprintf(stderr, "Empty request!\n");
break;
}
handle_client_request(req);
free(req->iov[0].iov_base);
free(req);
break;
case EVENT_TYPE_WRITE:
for (int i = 0; i < req->iovec_count; i++) {
free(req->iov[i].iov_base);
}
close(req->client_socket);
free(req);
break;
}
/* Mark this request as processed */
io_uring_cqe_seen(&ring, cqe);
}
}
void sigint_handler(int signo) {
printf("^C pressed. Shutting down.\n");
io_uring_queue_exit(&ring);
exit(0);
}
int main() {
int server_socket = setup_listening_socket(DEFAULT_SERVER_PORT);
signal(SIGINT, sigint_handler);
io_uring_queue_init(QUEUE_DEPTH, &ring, 0);
server_loop(server_socket);
return 0;
}
Program structure
Before anything else, the main() function calls setup_listening_socket() to listen on the designated port. But we do not call accept() to actually accept connections. We do that through a request to io_uring as explained later.
The core of the program is the server_loop() function, which issues submissions (itself and via other functions) to io_uring, waits for completion queue entries and processes them. Let’s take a closer look at it.
void server_loop(int server_socket) {
struct io_uring_cqe *cqe;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
socklen_t client_addr_len = sizeof(client_addr);
add_accept_request(server_socket, &client_addr, &client_addr_len);
while (1) {
int ret = io_uring_wait_cqe(&ring, &cqe);
struct request *req = (struct request *) cqe->user_data;
if (ret < 0)
fatal_error("io_uring_wait_cqe");
if (cqe->res < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Async request failed: %s for event: %d\n",
strerror(-cqe->res), req->event_type);
exit(1);
}
switch (req->event_type) {
case EVENT_TYPE_ACCEPT:
add_accept_request(server_socket, &client_addr, &client_addr_len);
add_read_request(cqe->res);
free(req);
break;
case EVENT_TYPE_READ:
if (!cqe->res) {
fprintf(stderr, "Empty request!\n");
break;
}
handle_client_request(req);
free(req->iov[0].iov_base);
free(req);
break;
case EVENT_TYPE_WRITE:
for (int i = 0; i < req->iovec_count; i++) {
free(req->iov[i].iov_base);
}
close(req->client_socket);
free(req);
break;
}
/* Mark this request as processed */
io_uring_cqe_seen(&ring, cqe);
}
}
Right before we enter the while loop, we submit a request for accept() with a call to add_accept_request(). This allows any client connection to the server to be accepted. Let’s take a closer look at that.
int add_accept_request(int server_socket, struct sockaddr_in *client_addr,
socklen_t *client_addr_len) {
struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
io_uring_prep_accept(sqe, server_socket, (struct sockaddr *) client_addr,
client_addr_len, 0);
struct request *req = malloc(sizeof(*req));
req->event_type = EVENT_TYPE_ACCEPT;
io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, req);
io_uring_submit(&ring);
return 0;
}
We get an SQE, and prepare an accept() operation to be submitted with io_uring_prep_accept() from liburing. We use a struct request to track each of our submissions. These instances have the context of each request as it goes from one state to the next. Let’s take a look at struct request:
struct request {
int event_type;
int iovec_count;
int client_socket;
struct iovec iov[];
};
There are 3 state that a client request goes through and the structure above can hold enough information to be able to handle transitions between these states. The three states of a client request are:
Accepted -> Request read -> Response written
Let’s take a look at what happens once an accept() operation completes in the large switch/case block on the completion side:
case EVENT_TYPE_ACCEPT:
add_accept_request(server_socket, &client_addr, &client_addr_len);
add_read_request(cqe->res);
free(req);
break;
We add a new accept() request back in the submission queue now that we’ve processed the previous one. Else our program won’t be accepting any new connections from clients. We then call the add_read_request() function which adds a submission request for readv() so that we can read the HTTP request from the client. Couple of things here: We could have used read(), but that operation isn’t supported in io_uring until kernel version 5.6, which, as of the time of this writing, is the bleeding edge stable version and won’t be found in many distributions for several months at least. Also, using readv() and writev() allows us to build in a lot of common logic, especially around buffer management as we’ll see later. Now, let’s look at add_read_request():
int add_read_request(int client_socket) {
struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
struct request *req = malloc(sizeof(*req) + sizeof(struct iovec));
req->iov[0].iov_base = malloc(READ_SZ);
req->iov[0].iov_len = READ_SZ;
req->event_type = EVENT_TYPE_READ;
req->client_socket = client_socket;
memset(req->iov[0].iov_base, 0, READ_SZ);
/* Linux kernel 5.5 has support for readv, but not for recv() or read() */
io_uring_prep_readv(sqe, client_socket, &req->iov[0], 1, 0);
io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, req);
io_uring_submit(&ring);
return 0;
}
As you can see, this is pretty straight-forward. We allocate a buffer large enough to hold the client request and issue a call to io_uring_prep_readv() which is in liburing before we submit the request. The corresponding handling on the completion side is done by the condition in the switch/case block:
case EVENT_TYPE_READ:
if (!cqe->res) {
fprintf(stderr, "Empty request!\n");
break;
}
handle_client_request(req);
free(req->iov[0].iov_base);
free(req);
break;
Here, essentially we call the handle_client_request() function which deals with handling the HTTP request. If all goes well and it is a file on disk that the client is asking for, this is the piece of code that runs:
struct request *req = zh_malloc(sizeof(*req) + (sizeof(struct iovec) * 6));
req->iovec_count = 6;
req->client_socket = client_socket;
set_headers(final_path, path_stat.st_size, req->iov);
copy_file_contents(final_path, path_stat.st_size, &req->iov[5]);
printf("200 %s %ld bytes\n", final_path, path_stat.st_size);
add_write_request( req);
The set_headers() function sets up a total of 5 small buffers represented by 5 different struct iovec structures. The final iovec instance contains the contents of the file being read. Finally, add_write_request() is called which adds a submissions queue entry:
int add_write_request(struct request *req) {
struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(&ring);
req->event_type = EVENT_TYPE_WRITE;
io_uring_prep_writev(sqe, req->client_socket, req->iov, req->iovec_count, 0);
io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, req);
io_uring_submit(&ring);
return 0;
}
This submission causes the kernel to write out the response headers and the contents of the file over the client socket, thus completing the request/response cycle. Here is what we do on the completion side:
case EVENT_TYPE_WRITE:
for (int i = 0; i < req->iovec_count; i++) {
free(req->iov[i].iov_base);
}
close(req->client_socket);
free(req);
break;
We free up how many ever iovec pointed buffers we created, free up the request structure instance and also close the client socket, thus completing serving of the HTTP request.
Conclusion
I hope you had a good time reading this article series. I sure had a lot of fun trying io_uring out. It is still early days for io_uring. It continues to gain features and gets better at performance as the days go by. I’m confident it will very quickly be adopted by various software projects.
Source code
The full source code for all the examples is available here at Github.
About me
My name is Shuveb Hussain and I’m the author of this Linux-focused blog. You can follow me on Twitter where I post tech-related content mostly focusing on Linux, performance, scalability and cloud technologies.
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